ABSTRACT Irrigated agriculture is considered one of the most important techniques for agricultural production in the world, despite being the sector that uses water resources the most. Thus, technological advances have been constantly developed and applied in the sector as a way to improve water management and reduce its consumption, considering that some cultures are affected by economic costs and feasibilities of production, because the water cost has increased significantly in recent years. Remote sensing is a technology that has provided good results for estimating evapotranspiration (ETr) in producing areas, enabling more efficient irrigation management for low costs. This study aimed to answer the question about how the generation of irrigation management zones (IMZs) can be used to optimize water use and improve irrigation systems and which ETr models are better for it. Three ETr estimation models (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land [SEBAL], Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration [METRIC] and Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving [SAFER]) were used to design IMZs in center pivot cultivated with cotton. The design of IMZs with ETr data proved to be a viable alternative, making it possible to improve water management in irrigated systems, reducing costs with viability irrigation for cotton and others cultures. The METRIC method displayed the greatest ease in obtaining the data used in the ETr estimation for generating the IMZs.

RESUMO Caldeiras são amplamente utilizadas por indústrias e usinas termelétricas para gerar energia renovável. Porém, quando a biomassa é consumida, resíduos são gerados, que em sua maioria não podem ser descartados de forma adequada. Este estudo investigou o reaproveitamento do resíduo de madeira de eucalipto com o objetivo de transforma-lo em briquetes resistentes e duráveis para reaproveitamento em fornos e caldeiras. As propriedades físico-químicas do resíduo foram estudadas em termos de composição química por fluorescência de raios-X, e sua estrutura cristalina foi avaliada por difração de raios-X. Ambas análises termogravimétrica e termogravimétrica diferencial foram utilizadas para caracterizar a decomposição térmica do resíduo de madeira. O resíduo foi compactado em prensa universal com umidade suficiente para a fabricação de briquetes sob diferentes condições de pressão mecânica. Os testes de densidade aparente, durabilidade e queima foram realizados nos briquetes. A temperatura máxima atingida durante a queima depende da pressão de compactação de fabricação. Os briquetes se mostraram adequados para queima em caldeiras e fornos, e sua durabilidade é vantajosa para manuseio, reutilização e transporte.

ABSTRACT Boilers are widely used by industries and thermoelectric plants to generate renewable energy. However, when biomass is consumed, residues are generated, which for the most part cannot be discarded appropriately. This study investigated the reuse of eucalyptus wood waste with the goal of transforming the residue into resistant and durable briquettes for reuse in furnaces and boilers. The physico-chemical properties of the residue were studied in terms of chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence, and its crystalline structure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. Both thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the thermal decomposition of the wood waste residue. The residue was compacted in a universal press with sufficient humidity to fabricate briquettes under different conditions of mechanical pressure. Apparent density, durability, and burning tests were carried out on the briquettes. The maximum temperature reached during burning is dependent on the fabrication compaction pressure. The briquettes proved suitable for burning in boilers and furnaces, and their durability is advantageous for handling, reuse, and transportation.

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.) é estudada intensivamente em termos agronômicos e bioquímicos por causar danos aos grãos de leguminosas armazenados. No entanto, os dados publicados sobre o seu cariótipo são escassos e conflitantes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o cariótipo e a meiose desse inseto e analisar o padrão de bandas-C de seus cromossomos. Foram analisados os gânglios cerebrais de pré-pupas e os testículos de adultos e pupas com adaptação de uma técnica que permitiu boa qualidade de preparo dos cromossomos dessa espécie. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram 26 cromossomos nas metáfases mitóticas. Esses cromossomos foram classificados em: acrocêntricos (cromossomo X); submetacêntricos (pares 4 e 5); subtelocêntricos (par 12 e cromossomo y); metacêntricos (demais pares). O cromossomo 5 apresentou uma constrição secundária. Todos os cromossomos apresentaram heterocromatina próximo ao centrômero e os cromossomos 5, 9 e X, nos braços longos. O cromossomo X mostrou-se heteropicnótico durante toda a prófase da primeira divisão meiótica. As subfases da prófase I foram pouco distintas e a meiose II de difícil identificação. Os testículos de todos os machos apresentaram poucas células. Os bivalentes apresentaram a forma de bastão na metáfase I. O seu cariótipo constitui-se de 26 cromossomos, sendo as fórmulas cariotípicas 2n = 24 + XX nas fêmeas e 2n = 24 + Xyp e n = 12 + X ou n = 12 + y nos machos.

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.) has been extensively studied in its agronomic and biochemical aspects due to its importance as a damaging insect to leguminous grains during storage. The few cytogenetic studies published on this species yielded conflicting results. In this study, the karyotype was analyzed in order to accurately describe the chromosome C-banding patterns and meiosis. The brain ganglion at the prepupa and the adult and pupal testes were analyzed. All individuals had 26 chromosomes in both brain ganglion and spermatogonic mitotic metaphases. These chromosomes were classified as follows: the 12th pair and the Y chromosome were telocentric; the X chromosome was acrocentric; the 4th and 5th pairs were submetacentric; and the remaining pairs were all metacentric. One of the members of the 5th pair presented a secondary constriction. All chromosomes presented pericentromeric heterochromatin. The large arms of the pairs 5, 9 and X presented heterochromatin. The X chromosome showed to be heteropyknotic throughout the prophase of the first meiotic division. The subphases of prophase I were atypical and meiosis II was rarely identified. Testes of all males showed a few cells; the bivalents were rod-like shaped in metaphase I. Karyological formulae were 2n = 24 + XX in females and 2n = 24 + XYp and either n = 12 + X or n = 12 + Y in males.